{"@context":{"aiiso":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vocab\/aiiso\/schema#","arm":"https:\/\/ld4p.github.io\/arm\/core\/ontology\/0.1\/","bf":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/ontologies\/bibframe\/","bib":"https:\/\/bibliotek-o.org\/","bibo":"http:\/\/purl.org\/ontology\/bibo\/","cito":"http:\/\/purl.org\/spar\/cito\/","classSchemes":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/classSchemes","dbo":"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/ontology\/","dce":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/elements\/1.1\/","dcmitype":"http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/2000\/07\/11\/dcmi-type-vocabulary\/#","dcterms":"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/","ebucore":"http:\/\/www.ebu.ch\/metadata\/ontologies\/ebucore\/ebucore#","edm":"http:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/schemas\/edm\/","foaf":"http:\/\/xmlns.com\/foaf\/0.1\/","frap":"http:\/\/purl.org\/cerif\/frapo\/","identifiers":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","ids":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/identifiers\/","oaire":"http:\/\/namespace.openaire.eu\/schema\/oaire\/","oefos2012":"https:\/\/vocabs.acdh.oeaw.ac.at\/oefosdisciplines\/","opaque":"http:\/\/opaquenamespace.org\/","pcdm":"http:\/\/pcdm.org\/models#","phaidra":"https:\/\/phaidra.org\/ontology\/","rdaa":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/a\/","rdam":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/m\/","rdau":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/u\/","rdax":"http:\/\/rdaregistry.info\/Elements\/x\/","rdf":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/02\/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","rdfs":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/01\/rdf-schema#","relators":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/","role":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/","role:aut":{"@container":"@list","@id":"http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/relators\/aut"},"schema":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","skos":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/02\/skos\/core#","skosxl":"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2008\/05\/skos-xl#","vra":"http:\/\/purl.org\/vra\/"},"@id":"https:\/\/phaidra.ustp.at\/o:5553","bf:note":[{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Like other European countries, Austria introduced employment restrictions for foreigners after the First World War. Access to the labor market was to be reserved primarily for Austrian citizens. These new regulations related exclusively to dependent employees and allowed exceptions in view of family reunification, among other things. They were based on official labor market categories and reflected widely accepted imaginations of gender-specific abilities and responsibilities.\nHowever, many foreigners earned their living in a household context and their activities hardly matched the official categories of work and family. Since decision-making on employment permits required unambiguous categorization, this situation posed a dilemma for the authorities in charge. Given the vast variety of work arrangements and relations they struggled to clearly draw the line between \"employed\" and \"not employed\" workers. Using the example of domestic help and Bulgarian gardeners, the article investigates administrative authorities’ attempts to make such distinctions and it examines migrants’ efforts to occupy labor market niches. While migrants un\/intentionally circumvented regulations and made their living in Austria, the ongoing disputes paradoxically contributed to an enforcement of restrictions. Administrative authorities gradually increased their endeavor to locate unauthorized foreign workers even within households and they sharpened the criteria for their categorization."}]},{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"https:\/\/www.ruralhistory.at\/de\/projekte\/landarbeit-organisieren"}]}],"bf:provisionActivity":[{"@type":"bf:Publication","bf:agent":[{"@type":"schema:Organization","schema:name":[{"@value":"Cambridge University Press"}]}],"bf:date":["2024"]}],"bibo:volume":[{"@value":"54"}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Domestic Service"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Bulgarian Gardeners"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Labor"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Citizenship"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Migration"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Migration"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Häuslicher Dienst"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Bezahlte Hausarbeit"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Bulgarischer Gärtner"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Arbeit"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Staatsbürgerschaft"}]}],"dce:title":[{"@type":"bf:Title","bf:mainTitle":[{"@language":"eng","@value":"Construction of Il\/Legitimate Migrant Labor: Non-Nationals in Domestic Service and Gardening in Interwar Austria"}]}],"dcterms:issued":["2024-04-30"],"dcterms:language":["eng"],"dcterms:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","rdfs:label":[{"@value":"Republik Österreich"},{"@value":"Kaiserthum Österreich"},{"@value":"Austria"},{"@value":"Zisleithanien"},{"@value":"Österreich (Erste Republik)"},{"@value":"Ostmark"},{"@value":"Habsburgerreich"},{"@value":"Habsburgermonarchie"},{"@value":"Österreich (Zweite Republik)"},{"@value":"Österreichische Monarchie"},{"@value":"Land Österreich"},{"@value":"Austrja"},{"@value":"Austrya"},{"@value":"Autriche"},{"@value":"Bundesstaat Österreich"},{"@value":"Kaisertum Österreich"},{"@value":"Staat Deutschösterreich"},{"@value":"Die im Reichsrat Vertretenen Königreiche und Länder (Österreich)"},{"@value":"Deutschösterreich"},{"@value":"Ostmark (Österreich)"},{"@value":"Cisleithanien"},{"@value":"NRB (Narodna Republika Bălgarija)"},{"@value":"Republika Bălgarija"},{"@value":"Bulgarisches Reich"},{"@value":"Peoples Republic of Bulgaria"},{"@value":"Knjažestvo Bolgarskoe"},{"@value":"Bułgaria"},{"@value":"Bulgaria"},{"@value":"Bulgaristan"},{"@value":"Carstvo Bălgarija"},{"@value":"Royaume de Bulgarie"},{"@value":"Bulharsko"},{"@value":"Principauté de Bulgarie"},{"@value":"Königreich Bulgarien"},{"@value":"Bolgarija"},{"@value":"Bălgarsko Knjažestvo"},{"@value":"Republic of Bulgaria"},{"@value":"Bŭlgarija"},{"@value":"RB (Republika Bălgarija)"},{"@value":"Bălgarija"},{"@value":"Volksrepublik Bulgarien"},{"@value":"VR Bulgarien"},{"@value":"Narodnaja Respublika Bolgarija"},{"@value":"Bolgarskoe Knjažestvo"},{"@value":"Bulgarya"},{"@value":"Bulgarie"},{"@value":"Narodna Republika Bălgarija"},{"@value":"RP de la Bulgarie"},{"@value":"Bulgarija"},{"@value":"Republik Österreich"},{"@value":"Kaiserthum Österreich"},{"@value":"Austria"},{"@value":"Zisleithanien"},{"@value":"Österreich (Erste Republik)"},{"@value":"Ostmark"},{"@value":"Habsburgerreich"},{"@value":"Habsburgermonarchie"},{"@value":"Österreich (Zweite 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<Soziologie>"},{"@value":"Wanderungsbewegung"},{"@value":"Bevölkerungswanderung"},{"@value":"Wanderungen"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4120730-0"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@value":"Migration"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","rdfs:label":[{"@value":"Staatsbürgerschaft"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4056630-4"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@value":"Staatsangehörigkeit"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","rdfs:label":[{"@value":"Hausarbeiten"},{"@value":"Haushaltstätigkeit"},{"@value":"Familientätigkeit"},{"@value":"Garten \/ Arbeit"},{"@value":"Gärtnern"},{"@value":"Hausarbeiten"},{"@value":"Haushaltstätigkeit"},{"@value":"Familientätigkeit"}],"skos:exactMatch":["https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4023699-7"],"skos:prefLabel":[{"@value":"Hausarbeit"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","rdfs:label":[{"@value":"Garten \/ 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